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In history, the early modern period of modern history follows the late Middle Ages of the post-classical era. Although the chronological limits of the period are open to debate, the timeframe spans the period after the late portion of the post-classical age (c. 1500), known as the Middle Ages, through the beginning of the Age of Revolutions (c. 1800) and is variously demarcated by historians as beginning with the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, with the Renaissance period, and with the Age of Discovery (especially with the voyages of Christopher Columbus beginning in 1492, but also with the discovery of the sea route to the East in 1498), and ending around the French Revolution in 1789. Historians in recent decades have argued that from a worldwide standpoint, the most important feature of the early modern period was its globalizing character.〔Jan De Vries, "The limits of globalization in the early modern world." ''Economic History Review'' (2010) 63#3 pp: 710–733.〕 The period witnessed the exploration and colonization of the Americas and the rise of sustained contacts between previously isolated parts of the globe. The historical powers became involved in global trade. This world trading of goods, plants, animals, and food crops saw exchange in the Old World and the New World. The Columbian exchange greatly affected the human environment. Economies and institutions began to appear, becoming more sophisticated and globally articulated over the course of the early modern period. This process began in the medieval North Italian city-states, particularly Genoa, Venice, and Milan. The early modern period also saw the rise and beginning of the dominance of the economic theory of mercantilism. It also saw the European colonization of the Americas, Asia, and Africa during the 15th to 19th centuries, which spread Christianity around the world. The early modern trends in various regions of the world represented a shift away from medieval modes of organization, politically and other-times economically. The period in Europe witnessed the decline of feudalism and includes the Reformation, the disastrous Thirty Years' War, the Commercial Revolution, the European colonization of the Americas, and the Golden Age of Piracy. Ruling China at the beginning of the early modern period, the Ming Dynasty was “one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history”.〔Edwin O. Reischauer, et al. ''A history of East Asian civilization, Volume 1. East Asia: The Great Tradition'' (1960)〕 By the 16th century the Ming economy was stimulated by trade with the Portuguese, the Spanish, and the Dutch. The Azuchi-Momoyama period in Japan saw the Nanban trade after the arrival of the first European Portuguese. Other notable trends of the early modern period include the development of experimental science, the speedup of travel through improvements in mapping and ship design, increasingly rapid technological progress, secularized civic politics and the emergence of nation states. Historians typically date the end of the early modern period when the French Revolution of the 1790s began the "modern" period.〔Christopher Alan Bayly, ''The birth of the modern world, 1780–1914: global connections and comparisons'' (2004).〕 ==Early modern timeline== ImageSize = width:800 height:405 PlotArea = width:720 height:375 left:65 bottom:20 AlignBars = justify Colors = id:time value:rgb(0.7,0.7,1) # id:period value:rgb(1,0.7,0.5) # id:age value:rgb(0.95,0.85,0.5) # id:era value:rgb(1,0.85,0.5) # id:eon value:rgb(1,0.85,0.7) # id:filler value:gray(0.8) # background bar id:black value:black Period = from:1450 till:1850 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:100 start:1450 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:10 start:1450 PlotData = align:center textcolor:black fontsize:8 mark:(line,black) width:11 shift:(0,-5) bar:Timeframe color:era from:1500 till:1800 text:Early modern period bar:Timeframe color:filler from:1450 till:1500 text:Late Middle Ages from:1800 till:1850 text: Modern age bar:Spain color:age from: 1492 till: 1850 shift:(0,3) text:Spanish Empire from: 1492 till: 1700 text:Spanish Renaissance from: 1700 till: 1814 text:Spanish Enlightenment bar:Spain color:filler from: 1450 till: 1492 text:Reconquista from: 1814 till: 1850 text:Nationalism bar:Britain color:age from: 1485 till: 1801 shift:(-85,-3) text:Early modern Britain from: 1707 till: 1801 text:Great Britain bar:Britain color:filler from: 1450 till: 1485 text:House of York from: 1801 till: 1850 shift:(0,4) text:Industrial Revolution from: 1801 till: 1850 shift:(0,-8) text:United Kingdom bar:France color:age from: 1610 till: 1850 text:Ancien Régime from: 1492 till: 1610 text:French Renaissance from: 1450 till: 1789 shift:(0,4) text:Kingdom of France bar:France color:filler from: 1450 till: 1492 text:Medieval France from: 1789 till: 1792 shift:(0,4) text:French Revolution from: 1789 till: 1850 shift:(9,-8) text:Modern France bar:Scandinavia color:age from: 1523 till: 1814 shift:(0,3) text:Denmark–Norway from: 1523 till: 1814 shift:(0,-8) text:Sweden bar:Scandinavia color:filler from: 1450 till: 1523 text:Kalmar Union from: 1814 till: 1850 shift:(0,3) text:Denmark from: 1814 till: 1850 shift:(0,-8) text:Sweden-Norway bar:Germany color:age from: 1450 till: 1806 shift:(-75,4) text:Holy Roman Empire from: 1450 till: 1522 text:German Renaissance from: 1522 till: 1618 shift:(0,-8) text:Reformation from: 1618 till: 1648 text:Thirty Years War from: 1648 till: 1815 text:Kleinstaaterei from: 1806 till: 1815 shift:(0,4) text:Rhine Confederation bar:Germany color:filler from: 1815 till: 1850 shift:(-3,-8) text:German Confederation bar:Italy color:age from: 1450 till: 1494 text:Renaissance from: 1494 till: 1559 text:Italian Wars from: 1559 till: 1814 text:Foreign domination bar:Italy color:filler from: 1814 till: 1850 text:Italian unification bar:Poland color:age from: 1507 till: 1569 text:Polish Golden Age from: 1569 till: 1795 text:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth bar:Poland color:filler from: 1450 till: 1507 text:Medieval Poland from: 1795 till: 1850 text:Partitioned Poland bar:Ottomans color:age from: 1450 till: 1683 text:Ottoman growth from: 1683 till: 1827 text:Ottoman stagnation bar:Ottomans color:filler from: 1827 till: 1850 text:Ottoman decline bar:Russia color:age from: 1547 till: 1721 text:Tsardom of Russia from: 1721 till: 1850 text:Russian Empire bar:Russia color:filler from: 1450 till: 1547 text:Moscow bar:C.Asia color:age from: 1450 till: 1687 text:Chagatai Khanate from: 1687 till: 1756 text:Zunghar Khanate from: 1756 till: 1850 text:Russian Empire bar:C.Asia color:filler from: 1450 till: 1502 text:Golden Horde bar:India color:age from: 1526 till: 1707 text:Mughal Empire from: 1707 till: 1818 text:Maratha Empire bar:India color:filler from: 1450 till: 1526 text:Delhi sultanate from: 1818 till: 1850 text:Company Raj bar:China color:age from: 1450 till: 1644 text:Ming Dynasty from: 1644 till: 1850 text:Qing Dynasty bar:Korea color:age from: 1450 till: 1850 text:Joseon Dynasty bar:Japan color:age from: 1467 till: 1570 text:Sengoku from: 1570 till: 1603 text:Azuchi–Momoyama from: 1603 till: 1850 text:Edo period bar:Japan color:filler from: 1450 till: 1467 bar:N.America color:age from: 1534 till: 1600 text:New France from: 1600 till: 1770 text:British America from: 1770 till: 1850 shift:(0,4) text:British Canada from: 1770 till: 1850 shift:(0,-8) text:United States bar:N.America color:filler from: 1450 till: 1534 text:Mississippian bar:C.America color:age from: 1521 till: 1535 shift:(33,-3) text:Spanish Conquest from: 1535 till: 1821 text:New Spain bar:C.America color:filler from: 1450 till: 1521 text:Late Postclassic from: 1821 till: 1850 text:Mexico bar:Brazil color:age from: 1500 till: 1815 text:Colonial Brazil from: 1815 till: 1823 shift:(-6,5) text:United Brazil bar:Brazil color:filler from: 1450 till: 1500 text:Classic from: 1823 till: 1850 shift:(9,-4) text:Brazil :::''Dates are approximate. Consult particular article for details.'' ::: Early modern themes Other 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「early modern period」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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